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The color line in American baseball, until the late 1940s, excluded players of Black African descent from Major League Baseball and its affiliated Minor Leagues. Racial segregation in professional baseball was sometimes called a gentlemen's agreement, meaning a tacit understanding, as there was no written policy at the highest level of baseball organization. Some older leagues did have written rules against teams signing black players, with color lines drawn during the 1880s and 1890s. On the other side of the color line, many black baseball clubs were established, especially during the 1920s to 1940s when there were several Negro Leagues. During this period some light-skinned Hispanic players, Native Americans, and native Hawaiians were able to play in the Major Leagues. The color line was broken when Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers organization for the 1946 season. In 1947, both Robinson in the National League and Larry Doby with the American League's Cleveland Indians appeared in games for their teams. By the late 1950s, the percentage of blacks on Major League teams matched or exceeded that of the general population. ==Origins== Formal beginning of segregation followed the baseball season of 1867. On October 16, the Pennsylvania State Convention of Baseball in Harrisburg denied admission to the "colored" Pythian Baseball Club. When prominent players such as Cap Anson refused to take the field with or against teams with African Americans on the roster, it became informally accepted that African Americans were not to participate in Major League Baseball. Still after 1871, formal bans existed only in minor league baseball. In 1884, in response to the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association having Moses Fleetwood Walker, the first black man to play major league baseball, on their roster, Cap Anson of the Chicago White Stockings threatened to sit out an exhibition game with them if Walker played. Anson backed down when he learned that he would forfeit a day's salary if he did so. In 1887 Anson, in response to the possibility of the Newark Little Giants hiring the African American pitcher George Stovey, threatened not to play any club who had a black man on its roster.〔Ken Burn's ''Baseball'' "Our Game", Bottom of the 1st Inning (second half of episode one) Original airdate: Sunday, September 18, 1994〕 In part due to Anson's influence and of those of other white players, on July 14, 1887, the directors of the International League voted to prohibit the signing of additional black players – although blacks under contract, like Frank Grant of the Buffalo Bisons and Moses Fleetwood Walker of the Syracuse franchise, could remain with their teams.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sporting News )〕 Grant and Walker stayed through the 1888 season. In September 1887, eight members of the St. Louis Browns (who would ultimately change their nickname to the current St. Louis Cardinals) staged a mutiny during a road trip, refusing to play a game against the New York Cuban Giants, a prominent 'Colored' team of the era. Newspapers at the time reported that, "()or the first time in the history of base ball the color line has been drawn, and that by the St. Louis Browns, who have established the precedent that white players must not play with colored men." Shortly thereafter, the American Association and the National League both unofficially banned African-American players, making the adoption of racism in baseball complete.〔 By 1890, the International League was all white, as it would remain until 1946 when Jackie Robinson played for the Montreal Royals.〔("Breaking a Barrier 60 Years Before Robinson," ) ''New York Times'', July 27, 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「baseball color line」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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